Extra credit

Most guys are jealous, or worried that their lady is going to cheat on them, but they can't do anything to stop the girl from cheating. In the spider world, after a female and male mate, the male puts a plug on the female, to stop the female from mating with another spider, but sometimes the female assists the male.  There is a strange specie of spiders called  Leucauge argyra. The females from this species of spiders, know how to make their own plug.  This plug doesn't stop them from matting with other spiders, this is a trap for the male. When the male and female mating, the plug that the female already had in is a trap, and it traps the male. And the female kills the male, or keep the male so they can use them whenever they want

http://www.economist.com/node/18956086

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 1. From a chemical viewpoint, why is petroleum sometimes considered "burring sunshine"?

Because it produces energy a lot of energy and fuel. 

2.Define and give one example of

a. Potential energy. Where something could have the energy to go, like a skater at the top of the ramp

b. Kinetic energy. When something actually has energy and it keeps going. Whent he skater goes down the ramp

3. In terms of chemical bonds, what happens during a chemical reaction?

Bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds

4. Based on its structural formula, which has more potential energy, a molecule of methane or a molecule of butane ? Explain your answer

Butane has more atoms meaning has more energy

5. Classify each of the following as primarily as demonstrate of kinetic energy or potential energy

a. Potential

b Potential 

c. Kinetic

d.Potential 

e.Kinetic

6. Why is energy required to break chemical bonds?

Because you need energy to break up the atoms

7. For each of the follow events determine whether the reaction is exothermic of endothermic.

a. Exothermic

b.Endothermic

c. Exothermic

8. Burning a candle is a exothermic retain. Explain this fact in terms of the quantity of energy stored in the bonds of the reactant compared with the quantity of energy stored in the bonds of the products.

There is a lot of energy in the gas

9.Using figure 3.24 as a model draw a potential energy diagram that illustrates the energy change whe hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce water and thermal energy.

Look on paper

10. State the law of conservation of energy.

Energy is neither created or destroyed 

Pg. 235 31-38

31. Name and give the molecular formula for the alkane with a molar mass of

a. 44g/mol Scandium SC

b 72 g/mol Germanium GE

32. What does -ane imply about the carbon-carbon bonding in hexane

It indicates the number of carbon atoms in the backbone carbon chain.

33.Are the following three molecules isomers of one another? Explain your answer.

Yes because it is all the same formula, but just in different structure

34. Draw structural formulas for at least three structural isomers of C9H20

Look at drawing

35. What is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomers?

Not sure

36. An unbranched hydrocarbon molecule can be represented as a linear chain or as a zig-zag chain. Explain in what way both represent

They are both a hydrocarbon molecule but it doesn't matter what shape its in

37. Drea two hexane structural isomers, one a straight-chain molecule and the other a branched- chain molecule.

Look at drawing

b. Which of the two isomers you grew would have the lower boiling pint? Explain your choice.

 The straight chain one had a lower boiling point, because the bonds weren't that strong.

The branch chain structure had the higher boiling point, because it has more, and stronger bonds

38. Which of each pair of the following hydrocarbon molecules would have the lower boiling pint? In each case describe your reasoning

A. A long straight chain because it has tighter bonds

b. A long branch chain because it has a lot stronger intermolecular bonds

c. Short branched chain, straight chains have stickier bonds

Unit 3, SAS 1-30

1.What is a hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon is carbon and hydrogen bond.

3.What characteristic of petroleum make it a valuable resource?

When burning petroleum it creates energy, which is used in cars

5.What is meant by saying oil is crude?

That it is in its natural state

6. On average, the United States uses about 20 million barrels of petroleum daily

a. What is the average number of barrels of petroleum used daily in the United states for building (Nonfuel) purposes?

4%

b.How many barrels of petroleum on average are burned as fuel daily in the US?

89%

7.Name several fuels obtained from cruse petroleum

gasoline 

8.List four household items made from petroleum

CDs, sport equipment 

b.What materials could be substituted for each of these four household items if petroleum were not abatable to make them?

Aluminum, CDs and eater bottles. Renewable bioplastic, can replace petroleum plastic

10. a. Which world region has the most petroleum reserves relative to its population?

Middle east

b. Which region has the least petroleum reserves relative to its population

Central asia, far eat, and oceanic, it has 3508 million people but only4.2 percent reserves

11. a.Which region consume a greater proportion of the worlds supply of petroleum than they possess?

North America

b.Which region consume a smaller proportion of the world's supply of petroleum than they possess?

Africa

12. Under what conditions could density be used to separate two different liquids?

If they do not form a solution if they are mixed

13.A mixture of which two of the substances listed would be the easiest to separate from each other by distillation? Explain your reasoning

Asitone and water, because they have different boiling points

15. Referring to table 3.1, sketch a graph of the distillation of a mixture of acetone and water. lable its key features

Look at chart

16. How does fractional distillation differ from simple distillation?

It doesn't separate each compound, it just changes the form of it.

17. Petroleum fractions include light, intermediate, and heavy distillates and residues. List three useful products derived from each of these three fractions.

Light: aviation gasoline and motor gasoline

Intermediate: Gas oil, petrochemicals, Kerosene

Heavy distillates: Lubrication oil grease heavy oils and wax

residues: Lubricating oil and fuel oil, petroleum jelly, road oil and asphalt

18. Where in a distillation tower- top middle or bottome- would you expect the fraction with the highest boiling point range to be removed? why?

At the bottom is the highest boiling point, so everything that has a high boiling point would be evaporated at the bottom, and as it goes up higher it decreases, so at the top would have the lowest boiling point.

19. After fractional distillation, each graviton is still a mixture. Suggest a way to further separate the componets of each graviton

You can devised by pressure

20. Rank the following straight-chain hydrocarbons from their lowest boiling point t their highest: hexane, methane, pentane, and octane. Explain you racking in terms of intermolecular forces

Methane, pentane, haxane, octane

21. What is a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is when two elements combined and share electrons

22. Why do atoms with filled outer electron shells not form covalent bonds?

Because they are balanced or stables. Because they are a noble gases

23. It has been suggested that a covalent bond linking two atoms is like two dogs tugging on the same sock. Explain how this analogy describes the way that shared electrons hold together atoms in a covalent bond.

This is like a covalent bond because they are sharing the bone, and covalent bonds share electrons.

26. a. What information does a structural formula convey that a molecular formula does now?

How many electrons, and boiling pint

b. What was is a structural formula an inadequate representation of an actual molecular

Because the other two are shown in the inner shell

27. Chose a branched six- carbon hydrocarbon molecule

a. Draw a lewis dot structure to represent its structure.

b. Draw a structural formula for the same molecule

28. Each carbon atom has six total electrons. Why, then, does the electron- dot representation of a carbon atom show only four dots?

Because the rest of the electrons are in the inner layer

29Use the general molecular formula to write the molecular formula for an alkane containing

a. C9H20

B.C16H34

C. C10H22

D. C18H38

30. Calculate the molar mass of each alkane list in question 29

a.74

b.130

c.82

d.146

What has been the most valuable learning from summer Chemistry and why?

I decided to take away 6 weeks of my summer to take Chemistry. It has been very hard especially because all of my friends are out every night why I am sitting at home study. The good part about taking this course is that I learned a lot out of this class. First I learned and studied periodic table. Before this course i thought the periodic table was just a bunch of number and letters but I didn't understand what any. But now I understand each element, with its atomic number, and its atomic mass. I also really liked doing the unit conversion, because i understand the math. I also learned a lot about water, and water pollution, and that we have to conserve our water.

B.3 UNIT 4 1-4

1.Why is human exposure to ultraviolet radiation potentially more harmful than exposure to inferred radiation?

Infrared causes only certain atoms to vibrate, and not even that much. But UV radiation causes all atoms to vibrate which causes sunburns, and may even cause skin cancer at long exposers

2.Describe two essential roles played by visible solar radiation

One role that visible solar radiation plays is that it provides energy need for photosynthesis. And it also energizes electrons in some chemical bonds.

3.Explain why dry arid region in the United States, such as New Mexico and Arizona, experience wider air- temperature fluctuation from night to day than do states with more humid conditions such a Florida

In dry air regains the suns solar energy is absorbed, and where there are more humid places the solar energy gets absorbed in the clouds. In dry climates very few water molecules trap the radiation, unlike in florida where there are many water molecules, which trap the radiation, making 

4.Suppose Earth had a less dense atmosphere (fewer fas molecules) than it does now

a.How would average daytime temperatures be affected? Why? It would be warmer because there is no layer of CO2 or gaseous H2Oto absorb the light, making more of the light be able to go through

b. How would average nighttime temperature be afftted? why? It would be lower because there are no molecules holding onto the radiation

14. describe how atmospheric CO2 and water vapor help maintain moderate temperatures at Earth's surface?

The CO2 absorbs most of the heat, making allowing less of the heat to reach earth surface.

15. List two natural processes and two human activities that can increase the amount of

a. CO2 in the atmosphere

Any using up fossil, driving a car

b. Ch4 in the atmosphere

The cows burping, their gas contains methane

16.What changes in the composition of the atmosphere would cause the average surface temperature of the Earth to

a. Increase? CO2 and HO gases

b. Decrease? Less CO2 and H2O gases

17. Explain why, on a sunny winter day, a greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls.

The greenhouse, when the sunlight goes in throughout the glass it gets locked in there, there is no way of escaping.

18. Look at drawing

19. List three chemical reservoir of carbon atoms.

Atmosphere
sold carbonate
calcium

20. Explain how, over time, a particular carbon atom can be part of the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

With all this pollution in the world, there is a lot of carbon released from non-hybrid cars, ect. So when there is a lot of carbon dioxide atoms are in the atmosphere, it will get into different layers.

Unit 4 Section B.1 B.2 and B.7

1. Write a sentence that describes the relationship between the frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy.

High-frequency radiation is also high-energy radiation

2.Why is the world spectrum a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation

Because it shows the different lengths of the waves.

3. Why is visible light useful in plant photosynthesis, while other forms of electromagnetic radiation is not?

Because visible light can energize electrons in some chemical bonds, and UV-C is not useful because it can kill the blant

4. List the main types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing energy

Infrared Radiation

Visible Radiation

UV-A

UV-B

UV-C

b.Describe how each type of radiation listen in your answer affects living

Infrared Radiation: Is Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies slightly lower than that of red light. Cause certain bonded atoms to vibrate more energetically

Visible Radiation:Can energize electrons in some chemical bonds

UV-A: Has the longest wavelengths, and thus has the lowest energy

UV-B:Has more enter, it can cause sunburn; and, with long-term exposure, it is linked to skin cacao

UV-C: The most energetic form of ultraviolet radiation, is useful for sterilizing materials because it can kill bacteria and destroy viruses, has enough energy to break covalent bonds

5. Ultraviolet light is often used to sterilize chemistry laboratory proactive goggles. Why is ultraviolet light effective for this use. while visible light in not.

Because ultraviolet light can kill bacteria.

6. Compare infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation in terms of how well they are absorbed by the atmosphere

Infrared radiation from the sun cannot reach Earth's surface because it is absorbed by CO2 and gaseous H2O.

Visible radiation, on a clear day more than 90% of the visible region of solar radiation directed toward Earth travels down to Earth's surface

Ultraviolet radiation, Most UV-B radiation and UV-A radiation does not reach the Earth's surface because it is absurd by the stratospheric ozone layer.

7. Describe two main effects of the solar radiation that reaches Earth surface

Visible radiation, which provides the energy needed for photosynthesis reaction

and ultraviolet, which causes sunburns, and longterm causes skin cancer

8. a. compare lake water and asphalt in terms of how readily each warms up when exposed to sunlight

The lake water would be more warm because it absorbs 70% of the solar radiation, and the solar radiation reflects of the asphalt only 30% of solar radiation is reflected.

b.What properties of these two materials account for difference in their behavior

The asphalt doesn't ever actually absorb the heat, it only reflect it, unlike the water, which actually absorbs it.