Extra credit

Most guys are jealous, or worried that their lady is going to cheat on them, but they can't do anything to stop the girl from cheating. In the spider world, after a female and male mate, the male puts a plug on the female, to stop the female from mating with another spider, but sometimes the female assists the male.  There is a strange specie of spiders called  Leucauge argyra. The females from this species of spiders, know how to make their own plug.  This plug doesn't stop them from matting with other spiders, this is a trap for the male. When the male and female mating, the plug that the female already had in is a trap, and it traps the male. And the female kills the male, or keep the male so they can use them whenever they want

http://www.economist.com/node/18956086

page 558 1-10

page 558 1-10

 1. From a chemical viewpoint, why is petroleum sometimes considered "burring sunshine"?

Because it produces energy a lot of energy and fuel. 

2.Define and give one example of

a. Potential energy. Where something could have the energy to go, like a skater at the top of the ramp

b. Kinetic energy. When something actually has energy and it keeps going. Whent he skater goes down the ramp

3. In terms of chemical bonds, what happens during a chemical reaction?

Bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds

4. Based on its structural formula, which has more potential energy, a molecule of methane or a molecule of butane ? Explain your answer

Butane has more atoms meaning has more energy

5. Classify each of the following as primarily as demonstrate of kinetic energy or potential energy

a. Potential

b Potential 

c. Kinetic

d.Potential 

e.Kinetic

6. Why is energy required to break chemical bonds?

Because you need energy to break up the atoms

7. For each of the follow events determine whether the reaction is exothermic of endothermic.

a. Exothermic

b.Endothermic

c. Exothermic

8. Burning a candle is a exothermic retain. Explain this fact in terms of the quantity of energy stored in the bonds of the reactant compared with the quantity of energy stored in the bonds of the products.

There is a lot of energy in the gas

9.Using figure 3.24 as a model draw a potential energy diagram that illustrates the energy change whe hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce water and thermal energy.

Look on paper

10. State the law of conservation of energy.

Energy is neither created or destroyed 

Pg. 235 31-38

31. Name and give the molecular formula for the alkane with a molar mass of

a. 44g/mol Scandium SC

b 72 g/mol Germanium GE

32. What does -ane imply about the carbon-carbon bonding in hexane

It indicates the number of carbon atoms in the backbone carbon chain.

33.Are the following three molecules isomers of one another? Explain your answer.

Yes because it is all the same formula, but just in different structure

34. Draw structural formulas for at least three structural isomers of C9H20

Look at drawing

35. What is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomers?

Not sure

36. An unbranched hydrocarbon molecule can be represented as a linear chain or as a zig-zag chain. Explain in what way both represent

They are both a hydrocarbon molecule but it doesn't matter what shape its in

37. Drea two hexane structural isomers, one a straight-chain molecule and the other a branched- chain molecule.

Look at drawing

b. Which of the two isomers you grew would have the lower boiling pint? Explain your choice.

 The straight chain one had a lower boiling point, because the bonds weren't that strong.

The branch chain structure had the higher boiling point, because it has more, and stronger bonds

38. Which of each pair of the following hydrocarbon molecules would have the lower boiling pint? In each case describe your reasoning

A. A long straight chain because it has tighter bonds

b. A long branch chain because it has a lot stronger intermolecular bonds

c. Short branched chain, straight chains have stickier bonds

Unit 3, SAS 1-30

1.What is a hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon is carbon and hydrogen bond.

3.What characteristic of petroleum make it a valuable resource?

When burning petroleum it creates energy, which is used in cars

5.What is meant by saying oil is crude?

That it is in its natural state

6. On average, the United States uses about 20 million barrels of petroleum daily

a. What is the average number of barrels of petroleum used daily in the United states for building (Nonfuel) purposes?

4%

b.How many barrels of petroleum on average are burned as fuel daily in the US?

89%

7.Name several fuels obtained from cruse petroleum

gasoline 

8.List four household items made from petroleum

CDs, sport equipment 

b.What materials could be substituted for each of these four household items if petroleum were not abatable to make them?

Aluminum, CDs and eater bottles. Renewable bioplastic, can replace petroleum plastic

10. a. Which world region has the most petroleum reserves relative to its population?

Middle east

b. Which region has the least petroleum reserves relative to its population

Central asia, far eat, and oceanic, it has 3508 million people but only4.2 percent reserves

11. a.Which region consume a greater proportion of the worlds supply of petroleum than they possess?

North America

b.Which region consume a smaller proportion of the world's supply of petroleum than they possess?

Africa

12. Under what conditions could density be used to separate two different liquids?

If they do not form a solution if they are mixed

13.A mixture of which two of the substances listed would be the easiest to separate from each other by distillation? Explain your reasoning

Asitone and water, because they have different boiling points

15. Referring to table 3.1, sketch a graph of the distillation of a mixture of acetone and water. lable its key features

Look at chart

16. How does fractional distillation differ from simple distillation?

It doesn't separate each compound, it just changes the form of it.

17. Petroleum fractions include light, intermediate, and heavy distillates and residues. List three useful products derived from each of these three fractions.

Light: aviation gasoline and motor gasoline

Intermediate: Gas oil, petrochemicals, Kerosene

Heavy distillates: Lubrication oil grease heavy oils and wax

residues: Lubricating oil and fuel oil, petroleum jelly, road oil and asphalt

18. Where in a distillation tower- top middle or bottome- would you expect the fraction with the highest boiling point range to be removed? why?

At the bottom is the highest boiling point, so everything that has a high boiling point would be evaporated at the bottom, and as it goes up higher it decreases, so at the top would have the lowest boiling point.

19. After fractional distillation, each graviton is still a mixture. Suggest a way to further separate the componets of each graviton

You can devised by pressure

20. Rank the following straight-chain hydrocarbons from their lowest boiling point t their highest: hexane, methane, pentane, and octane. Explain you racking in terms of intermolecular forces

Methane, pentane, haxane, octane

21. What is a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is when two elements combined and share electrons

22. Why do atoms with filled outer electron shells not form covalent bonds?

Because they are balanced or stables. Because they are a noble gases

23. It has been suggested that a covalent bond linking two atoms is like two dogs tugging on the same sock. Explain how this analogy describes the way that shared electrons hold together atoms in a covalent bond.

This is like a covalent bond because they are sharing the bone, and covalent bonds share electrons.

26. a. What information does a structural formula convey that a molecular formula does now?

How many electrons, and boiling pint

b. What was is a structural formula an inadequate representation of an actual molecular

Because the other two are shown in the inner shell

27. Chose a branched six- carbon hydrocarbon molecule

a. Draw a lewis dot structure to represent its structure.

b. Draw a structural formula for the same molecule

28. Each carbon atom has six total electrons. Why, then, does the electron- dot representation of a carbon atom show only four dots?

Because the rest of the electrons are in the inner layer

29Use the general molecular formula to write the molecular formula for an alkane containing

a. C9H20

B.C16H34

C. C10H22

D. C18H38

30. Calculate the molar mass of each alkane list in question 29

a.74

b.130

c.82

d.146

What has been the most valuable learning from summer Chemistry and why?

I decided to take away 6 weeks of my summer to take Chemistry. It has been very hard especially because all of my friends are out every night why I am sitting at home study. The good part about taking this course is that I learned a lot out of this class. First I learned and studied periodic table. Before this course i thought the periodic table was just a bunch of number and letters but I didn't understand what any. But now I understand each element, with its atomic number, and its atomic mass. I also really liked doing the unit conversion, because i understand the math. I also learned a lot about water, and water pollution, and that we have to conserve our water.

B.3 UNIT 4 1-4

1.Why is human exposure to ultraviolet radiation potentially more harmful than exposure to inferred radiation?

Infrared causes only certain atoms to vibrate, and not even that much. But UV radiation causes all atoms to vibrate which causes sunburns, and may even cause skin cancer at long exposers

2.Describe two essential roles played by visible solar radiation

One role that visible solar radiation plays is that it provides energy need for photosynthesis. And it also energizes electrons in some chemical bonds.

3.Explain why dry arid region in the United States, such as New Mexico and Arizona, experience wider air- temperature fluctuation from night to day than do states with more humid conditions such a Florida

In dry air regains the suns solar energy is absorbed, and where there are more humid places the solar energy gets absorbed in the clouds. In dry climates very few water molecules trap the radiation, unlike in florida where there are many water molecules, which trap the radiation, making 

4.Suppose Earth had a less dense atmosphere (fewer fas molecules) than it does now

a.How would average daytime temperatures be affected? Why? It would be warmer because there is no layer of CO2 or gaseous H2Oto absorb the light, making more of the light be able to go through

b. How would average nighttime temperature be afftted? why? It would be lower because there are no molecules holding onto the radiation

14. describe how atmospheric CO2 and water vapor help maintain moderate temperatures at Earth's surface?

The CO2 absorbs most of the heat, making allowing less of the heat to reach earth surface.

15. List two natural processes and two human activities that can increase the amount of

a. CO2 in the atmosphere

Any using up fossil, driving a car

b. Ch4 in the atmosphere

The cows burping, their gas contains methane

16.What changes in the composition of the atmosphere would cause the average surface temperature of the Earth to

a. Increase? CO2 and HO gases

b. Decrease? Less CO2 and H2O gases

17. Explain why, on a sunny winter day, a greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls.

The greenhouse, when the sunlight goes in throughout the glass it gets locked in there, there is no way of escaping.

18. Look at drawing

19. List three chemical reservoir of carbon atoms.

Atmosphere
sold carbonate
calcium

20. Explain how, over time, a particular carbon atom can be part of the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

With all this pollution in the world, there is a lot of carbon released from non-hybrid cars, ect. So when there is a lot of carbon dioxide atoms are in the atmosphere, it will get into different layers.

Unit 4 Section B.1 B.2 and B.7

1. Write a sentence that describes the relationship between the frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy.

High-frequency radiation is also high-energy radiation

2.Why is the world spectrum a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation

Because it shows the different lengths of the waves.

3. Why is visible light useful in plant photosynthesis, while other forms of electromagnetic radiation is not?

Because visible light can energize electrons in some chemical bonds, and UV-C is not useful because it can kill the blant

4. List the main types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing energy

Infrared Radiation

Visible Radiation

UV-A

UV-B

UV-C

b.Describe how each type of radiation listen in your answer affects living

Infrared Radiation: Is Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies slightly lower than that of red light. Cause certain bonded atoms to vibrate more energetically

Visible Radiation:Can energize electrons in some chemical bonds

UV-A: Has the longest wavelengths, and thus has the lowest energy

UV-B:Has more enter, it can cause sunburn; and, with long-term exposure, it is linked to skin cacao

UV-C: The most energetic form of ultraviolet radiation, is useful for sterilizing materials because it can kill bacteria and destroy viruses, has enough energy to break covalent bonds

5. Ultraviolet light is often used to sterilize chemistry laboratory proactive goggles. Why is ultraviolet light effective for this use. while visible light in not.

Because ultraviolet light can kill bacteria.

6. Compare infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation in terms of how well they are absorbed by the atmosphere

Infrared radiation from the sun cannot reach Earth's surface because it is absorbed by CO2 and gaseous H2O.

Visible radiation, on a clear day more than 90% of the visible region of solar radiation directed toward Earth travels down to Earth's surface

Ultraviolet radiation, Most UV-B radiation and UV-A radiation does not reach the Earth's surface because it is absurd by the stratospheric ozone layer.

7. Describe two main effects of the solar radiation that reaches Earth surface

Visible radiation, which provides the energy needed for photosynthesis reaction

and ultraviolet, which causes sunburns, and longterm causes skin cancer

8. a. compare lake water and asphalt in terms of how readily each warms up when exposed to sunlight

The lake water would be more warm because it absorbs 70% of the solar radiation, and the solar radiation reflects of the asphalt only 30% of solar radiation is reflected.

b.What properties of these two materials account for difference in their behavior

The asphalt doesn't ever actually absorb the heat, it only reflect it, unlike the water, which actually absorbs it.

Section 2 D.5- D.6 Homeowrk

7. What is an ally?

An alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals.

8. Give examples of two alloys you use regularly

 Brass, Steel, Rose gold

9. What nonmetal is a component of both steel and stainless steel

Carbon

10. Give the formula, use and important physical property of an alloy that is also a well defined compound.

Steel is made up of Iron (Fe) and Carbon (C.) Steel has 99% iron, and 1% Carbon. Steel doesn't rust like normal iron. With a high-carbon  steel is hard but brittle; with a low- to medium- carbon steel can be welded (Joined together by heating) and shaped. Steel is used in automobile and airplane parts, kitchen utensils, plumbing fixtures and architectural decoration.

11. Describe the periodic table location of elements that behave as semiconductors.

 the semiconductors are elements that are not like the non metals that don't conduct any electricity, and they aren't like the metals which always conduct electricity, they are in the middle. They are the metalloids.

12. List three elements commonly used for doping semiconductors

Phosphorus, arsenic, aluminum

13. What is the primary use of the product of semiconductor technology?

Transistors and integrated circuits used in computers and other electronics.

On your marks....

On your marks….

This article is about a cell "race." A cell race is when cells actually race each other, like a horse race. Biologist from around the world are sending one type of cell to one of the six testing sites, and the cells will race each other. Unlike a  horse race where the horse has to be a thoroughbred, these cells can be genetically modified. Many of the biologist have been looking at cancer cells, because they know that those types of cells spread faster. These could be the little steps in figuring out how cancer spreads.

C.7-C.11

13. a.6

b.5

c.5

14.a 2.4

b.621g

c.28g

d.Help!

15.Because Oxygen weighs much more than carbon

16.a87%

b.53%

c.40%

17.

a.67%

b.98%

c.67%

C.1-C.7

1. State the law of conservation of matter.

THat matter can not be destroyed of made

2. What is a scientific law?

3.Why are expressions such as "using up" and "throwing away" misleading, if the law of conservation of matter is taken into account?

Materials are being chemically changed, not destroyed .

4. a.not balanced

b.not balanced 

c.not balanced

5..a3

b.2

c.2

6.

1WO3 + 3H2---> 1W + 3H2O

b.1PbS + 2O2------> 2PbO + 1SO2

c.2fe+3O2---> 2Fe2O3

7.1Ca8H18+ 1O2-->2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4

b.2C8H18 + 25 O2----> 16CO2 + 18H2O

8.a Na:2

SO:4

NaCl:1

K:2

SO:4

b.yes

9.help

10.

a. 32g

b48g

c.100g

d.58g

e.172g

11. Balance the equations

12. Help!

Metal Project: Copper

Copper Production:

1. All copper is found in ores which are in the lithosphere.

First step is Mining and crushing

-When mining you have to mine sulfide and oxide ores though with either digger of blasting and then crushing it to walnut-sized pieces.

2. Second is Grinding

Then the crushed ore is rod-milled in large, rotating, cylindrical machines until it becomes a powder, and that power usually contains less than 1% copper. The Sulfide ores are taken to a concentrating stage, while the oxide ores are routine to leaching tanks.

3. Third Concentration

When minerals are concentrated they are concentrated into a slurry that is about 15% copper. Then the waste is removed, and the water is recoiled. The left over tailings containing copper oxide are taken to leaching tanks or are returned to the surrounding terrain. Once copper has been concentrated it can be turned into pure copper cathode in two different ways: One way is Leaching and electrowinning or smelting and electrolytic refining

4a. Leaching

Oxide ore and tailing are leached by a weak acid solution, production a weak copper sulfate solution.

4b. Smelting

Several stages of meting and purifying the copper content result, successively in matte, blister and finally, 99% pure copper. Recycled copper begins its journey to finding another use by being resulted.

5a. Electrowinning (SX/EW)

The copper-laded solution is treated and taken to an electrolytic process tank. When electrically charge, pure copper ions migrate directly from the solution to starter cathodes made from pure copper foil. Precious metals can be extracted form the solution

5b. Anodes cast from the nearly pure copper and immersed in an acid bath. Pure copper ions migrate electrolytically format he anodes to "starter sheets" made from silver and platinum may be recovered from the used bath.

6. Pure Copper Cathodes

Cathodes of 99.9% purity may be shipped as melting stoke as mills of foundries. Cathodes may also be cast into wire rod, billets, cake or ingots, generally as pure copper or alloyed with other metals

7. Cathode is converted into:

Wire Rod

Billet

Ingot

Cake

http://www.copper.org/education/production.html

Consumption Of Copper:

Electrical and electronic products- 22.7% (1,662 million pounds)

Transportation equipment - 10.2% (774 million pounds)

Consumer and general products - 10.9% (798 million pounds)

Industrial machinery and equipment - 9.9% (725 million pounds)

Copper Uses:

Pennies

Microchips,

Jewelry

Computers

Pipes

Vacuum tubes

Statue of liberty

History Of Copper:

Copper is an element found in its natural state.  Unlike other elements copper isn't very reactive which means copper could be found in its original state in nature. Copper's atomic number is 29 and its atomic weight is 63.546.  Coppers most common use is in pennies.  Copper has been used in pennies for many years. The first copper penny appeared in 1792. From 1792 till 1982 all pennies were completely made out of copper, but in 1982 copper was in high demand, and became a little more expensive, so they sort of replaced a lot of the copper in pennies. Copper in pennies were not completely replaced; instead of having the whole penny made out of copper, the copper on the inside of the penny was made with zinc, but coated with copper, so there was still an abundant supply of copper left and all the copper wasn't used up on the coins.

Copper:

How many protons?

29

How many neutrons?

35

How many electrons?

29

What is its atomic mass?

63.54

What is it useful for?

It is useful to make copper wires, in coins, and in pipes

What does it combine with?

Copper combines with sulfur to form sulfide.

Is it found in nature as an ore or in a pure state?

Copper is mostly found in ores.

How reactive is your metal?

Copper isn’t very reactive; it is one of the least reactive metals

Is it heavy or light?

No it is very light

Is it combustible?

Yes

Is it expensive?

No

Where is it chiefly mined?

Copper is mostly mined in Japan, 1499 tons

What part the earth’s crust is it found in?

The lithosphere

Physical Properties of Copper:

-Atomic number: 29. 

-Number of protons: 29 Number of electrons: 29 Number of neutrons:35. 

-Copper is a lot like the two other elements, gold and silver.  Like gold and silver copper is not very reactive, it could be found in its natural state.  

-Copper is very malleable, which means it can be bent and shaped without cracking, or breaking, when it is either hot of cold. 

-On the hardness scale, 1 being the softest and10 being the hardest, copper around 2.5-3. Making copper very soft.

-When copper combines with other elements, it has a charge of either +1 which is called "cuprous" or +2 which is called "cupric"

- Copper is a very good electric conductor.

-The melting point of copper is 1083.4 degrees Centigrade.

-Liquid copper boils at 2567 degrees Centigrade

Section 2 B.4-B.9 Homework

9. Why are active metals more difficult to process and refine than are less active metals?

Because active metals react with most things, making it difficult to process, unlike less active metals because they don't react with many things

10. Based on your results from Investingation Matter which metals involved in that investigation would be the easiest to process? why?

Copper because it was the least active.

11.Why do most metals exist in nature as minerals rather than a pure metallic elements?

Because of their reactivity with many other elements

12. Which of these retains is more likcy to occur? why?

a. Calcium metal with chromium (III) chloride

b. Chromium metal with calcium chloride

a. Calcium metal with chromium (III) chloride

 Because Calcium is more reactive than chromium

13. Consider the following two equations. Which equation represents a reaction that is more likely to occur? Why?

b. Because silver is more reactive than zinc

(2 Ag+(aq) + Zn(s)-> 2ag(s) + zn2+(aq)

14. a. Why would it be a poor idea to stir a solution of lead (II) nitrate with an iron spoon?

Because lead is less active than iron

b.White a chemical equation to support your answer. 

Pb(NO₃)²⁺+Fe---> Fe + Pb(NO)

15. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer.

Reduction is when you gain one or more electrons

Oxidation is when you loose one or more electrons

16.Write an equation for each of the following processes:

a. Reduction of gold (III) ion to gold metal

Au³⁺ ---> 3e^- + Au

b. the oxidation of elemental vanadium to vanadium (IV) ions

V ----> V⁴⁺+4e^-

C. The oxidation of Cu+ to Cu2+

Cu--> 2e⁺ Cu

17. Identify each of the following equations as representing either an oxidation reaction or a reduction reaction.

a. reduction

b. Oxidized

C.reduction

18. Consider the following equation:

a. Which reaction has been oxidized? Explain

The zinc because it lost 2 electrons

b. Which reactant has been reduced? explain

Nickle because it gained 2 electrons

c. What is the reducing age in this reaction

Zinc

19

a. Which reactant has been oxidized? Explain?

Potassium, it lost an electron

b.Which reactant has been reduced Explain?

Murcry it gained two electrons

c. Potassium

20. Al + Cr3 ---> Al3+ + Cr

Mn2+ + Mg--> Mn + Mg2+

21.a. Electrometallurgy: Pass direct electric current through the molten mineral salt

b. Prymetallurgy: Heat mineral with coke or carbon monozide

c. Hydrometallurgy: Heat mineral in air or find the metal free

22. What processes would be most useful in obtaining the following elements from their ores?

a. Magnesium: Electrometallurgy

b. Lead: pyrometallurgy

Sun extra credit

Extra Credit

The sun goes through cycles ever 11 years. Dark spots start appearing on the suns surface. When there are no sunspots that means that there are no solar flares. And when there are no sunspots then it disturbs radio and satellite communications.  Also it disturbs the climate.  The last cycle was supposed to be in 2008, but it did not appear, and that means there is no new cycle.  Which is a good thing for operators of communication satellites, because the sunspots haven't interrupted their communications

Section 2 A.1- A.3

1. List two resources typically found in each of the three major "spheres" of Earth

1. Lithosphere: Rock and minerals

2. hydrosphere: water and minerals

3. Atmosphere: Nitrogen and oxygen

2. List and briefly describe three major parts of the lithosphere

a. Crust: Iron and nickel

mantle: Silicates of magnesium and iron

core: Coal oil and natural gas

B.Which layer serves as the main store house of chemical resources used in manufacturing consumer products?

The core

3. Identify the nation that produces the most 

a. Silver:Mexico

b. Copper: Japan

C. Tin : China

4. According t the information inTable 2.3 on page 136, which of these four nations- the us, Australia, China or \Brazil produces the largest masses of the eight listed resourcesin the table?

Brazil

5. Hose do minerals differ from ores?

Minerals are naturally occurring solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of intreats. And an ore is a naturally occurring rock or mineral that can be mined and from which it is profitable to extract a metal or other material

6. What factor determines the feasibility of mining a particular metallic ore at a certain site

The quantity of useful ore found at the site

the percent of metal in the ore

the type of mining and processing needed to extract the metal from its ore

the distance between the mine and metal refining facilities and markets

the metal's supply versus demand status

the environmental impact of the mining and metal processing

7. A nineteenth century gold mine, inactive for over 100 years, has recently reopened for further mining. What factor may have influenced the decision to reopen the mine?

The price of the metal when up

8.What is meant by referring to the quantity of "useful ore" at a site

Ore that can be used

Section 2 A.12- A.13

26. Which are more likely to lose electrons metallic elements or nonmetallic elements?

Metallic

27.Noble gas elements rarely lose or gain electrons. What does this indicate about their chemical reactivity?

They rarely react.

28.Predict whether each of the flowing elements would be morel ikley to form an anion or a cation

a. Na: Cation

b. Ca: Cation

c. F:Anion

d. Cu: Cation

e.O: Anion

f. Li: Cation

g. Sn: Cation

h. I: Anion

29. Which pair is more similar chemically?

a. Copper metal and copper (II) ions

or

v.Oxygen with mass number 16 and oxygen with mass number 18?

-Oxygen with a mass number 16 and oxygen with mass number 18

30. The diameter of a magnesium ion is 156pm the diameter of a strontium ion is 254 pm. Estimate the diameter of a claim ion.

205pm

31. Three kinds of observations that may indicate a chemical change appear in the following list. However, a physical change may also result in each observation. Describe a possible chemical cause and a possible physical cause for each observations

a. A change in color: Coper turns a greenish blue, like the statue of liberty

b. Change in temperature: If the product is heated up

c. Formation of a gas: When the element is oxidized

32 Identify the element that is described by each of the flowing statements:

a. This element is a nonmetal. It forms anions with a -1 charge. It is in the same period as the metals use in a penny.

Bromine  

B.This element is a metalloid. It is in the same period as the elements found in table salt

Silicon

33. Compare your use of the Snake river data to solve the fish-kill mystery in Unit 1 to Mendeleev's use of element data to create the periodic table

So Mendeleev aggregated all the data together, the mass of each element, how many protons and how many neutrons ect. An just put all of it in order.'

34. Mendeleev arranged elements in his periodic table in order of their atomic weights. In the modern periodic table, however, elements are arranged in order of their atomic numbers. Cite two examples from the periodic table for which these two schemes would produce a different ordering of adjacent elements.

 If Mendeleev put the elements in alphabetical order, like by the name or the element.

Another would be if he put them in order of which one was discovered first.

Copper Lab questions

1. Describe changes you observed as you heated the copper.

As we heated the copper it turned black and brown, and it became more compact.

Did the copper atoms remain in the crucible? Explain, using evidence from your observations.

b. The copper atoms did not remain because they oxidized and when the copper goes into the air and there is a color change.

2.Were the changes you observed physical changes or chemical changes?

2. a. Chemical change

What observational evidence leads you to that conclusion

b.The permanent change in color

3. How did the mass of the crucible contents change after you heated the copper

A. It becomes .04 grams more 

Explain why the mass of the crucible contents changed in that manner

B. as the copper becomes oxidized the copper starts to weight more.

Analyze aggregated data

The average for the whole class was .06 grams gained.  People got different types percent gained because maybe some people didn't but exactly 1g, so they might have put 1.02 grams or 1.4 grams.

A.6- A.11

13-25

13. Give noter term for each of these features of the periodic table

Rows: Periods

Column: Group or family 

14. Give the names and symbols of two elements other than lithium in the alkai metal family

Sodium: Na

Potassium:K

15. Consider the noble gas family:

a. Where are noble gases located on the periodic table? On the right side of the table

b. Name one physical property that noble gases share. they are all gases

c.Name one chemical property that noble gases share. Unreactive or chemically inert.

16. Given a periodic table and the formulas BeCl2 and AIN, predict the formula for a compound containing

A. Mg₂F 

b GaP

17.The melting points of sodium(Na) and rubidium are 98 degrees C and 39 degrees C, respectively. Estimate the melting point of potassium

63.65 °C 

18. Would you expect the boiling p oint of chlorine to be higher or lower than that of iodine?

Chlorine would have a higher boiling point because Iodine is right next to the nobel gases and those have the lowest boiling points

19.

Look at graph

20.  Illistrat the number of protons, neutrons and electronic an atom of 

a. beryllium b. nitrogen c. neon

21. A student is asked to explain the formation of a lead (II) ion from an electrically neutral lead atom. The student says that a lead atom must have gained two protons to make the ion. How would you correct this student's mistaken explanation?

You have to loose 2 ELECTRONS not protons.

22.Calculate the mass number for each element in the table

Carbon: 6

Calcium: 21

platinum: 117

Uranium: 146

B. Carbon is an isotope 

23. A scientist announces the discovery of a new element. The only characteristic given in the report is the element's mass number of 266. Is this information sufficient, by itself, to justify the claim of the discovery of a new element? 

No because we need to know more than just how much an element weighs

24. The mass of an electron is way lighter than a mass of a proton or a neutron

25.

12 proton 12 electrons

12 proton 12 electrons

12 proton 12 electrons

Section 2 A.1- A.4

1.Classify each of the following as a chemical or a physical property:

a. Copper has a reddish brown color: Physical

b.Propane burns deadly: Chemical change

c.CO₂ fas extinguishes a candle flame: Chemical Change

d. Honey pours more slowly than does water: Physical

Classify each of the following as a chemical or a physical property:

a.Metal wire can be bent: Physical

b. Ice floats in water: Physical

c. Paper is flammable: Chemical

d. Sugar is soluble in water: Chemical

3.Classify each of the following as a chemical or physical change"

a. A candle burning: Chemical

b. An open carbonated beverage fizzes: Physical

c. Hair curls as a result of a "perm": Chemical

d. As shoes wear out, holes appear in the soles: Physical

4. Classify each of the following as a chemical or a physical property:

a. A cut apple left our ion the ai turns brown: Chemical

b.Flashlight batteries loose their charge after extended use: Chemical

c. Dry cleaning removes oil from clothing: Chemical

d. Italian dressing separates over time: Physical

For each of your answers in question 4, give evidence for your classifications as a chemical or physical change

a. A cut apple left out in in the air turns brown: Chemcial because the apple reacts with the air

b. Flashlight batteries loose their charge after extended use: Physical because it doesn't change the physical appearance of the battery

c.Dry cleaning removes oil from clothing: They dry cleaning is a chemical and when you put that chemical onto the piece of clothing it reacts and removes the oil

d. Italian dressing separates over time: the dressing isn't reacting with anything.

6. a. List the steps involved in making chocolate chip cookies from scratch.

Pour the salt, flour, baking soda, butter, brown sugar, eggs, and chocolate chips in a bowl, and mix it, then put the cookie dough in the oven, and let them bake.

b. Mixing all of the materials together is a physical property.

Baking is a chemical property

7. Classify each property as characteristic of metals of nonmetals:

a. Shiny in appearance: Metal

b. Does not react with acid: Nonmetal

c. Shatters easily: non metal

d. electrically conductive: Metal

8.Classify each of these elements as a metal, a nonmetal or a metalloid

a. tungsten: metal

b. Antimony: metal

c. Krypton:Nonmetal

d. sodium: Nonmetal

9. List the names and symbols of two elements that are metalloids

B: Boron

Si: Silocon

10. What would you expect to happen if you tapped a sample of each of the flowing elements with a hammer.

a. Iodine: Shatter

b. Zincorium: Shatter

C Phosphorus:Shatter

d.Nickel:shatter

11. LIst two properties that make a nonmetallic unsuitable for electric wiring

THey don't conduct electricity, and they don't melt 

12. What are 3 properties that meke metals suitable for use in coins

Dissolve in acid, conduct electricity, and are malleable