Extra credit

Extra Credit:

In the 1960s, those years where known as the drug years. One of the most common drugs was LSD, and LSD was known to be a treatment for many disorders.  Timothy Leary was a psychologist at Harvard, and was a very famous worker in his field. He is started to research LSD, and see if it could actually help some disorders.  LSD was first used in experimenting in 1949 when its first use was to cure mental illnesses.  Then the researches realized that it had some psychedelic effect which makes you hallucinate, then they started using LSD a a psychotherapy and  a treatment for alcoholism. Over the years people have researched LSD and have came to the conclusion that it treats anxiety, OCD, expression, and bereavement. Even though these studies sometimes came up positive, there were too many flaws in this research. Leary started to become very unliked because the people started to have a fear for LSD. Eventually the Harvard Psilocybin Project was shut down. THat didn't stop Leary, he continued to study the drugs.  Eventually hallucination had been proved to help treat OCD, relieve of cluster headaches and relieving anxiety, but there were still some test that have failed. There was a test on 12 ill cancer patients, and the combination of LSD and psychotherapy reduced anxiety levels of all the 12 participants in the study, but this data has not been analyzed so they don't know why.  Even though LSD mostly fails in clinical trials, the scientist till think it would be a good idea to see if LSD might keep its early promises.

http://www.economist.com/node/18864332

Which is worst water solution or water pollution?

Over the past three weeks our class has been thinking about which is a worst situation to be in, not having water or having water and it being polluted.  After learning about water, and water pollution, and filtration, I have decided to take the side of water shortage being worst.  The reason I think that water shortage is worst is because with all our new technology it is very easy for us to purify the water.  We have learned about filtering water. We have learned about the different ways water is filtered. We even did an experiment where we had contaminated water and we used three different steps to filter it. My opinion is that having contaminated water would be better, because you can filter it out making it usable for either drinking or for washing you hands, and other things. Without water you don't have anything to filter.

Solubility of a Gas

The solubility of a gas is much different than the solubility of a solid. The solubility curve for a solid would be the higher the temperature the higher amount of the solute that will dissolve.

 For the solubility curve of a gas is the total opposite the higher the temperature, the lower amount of the gas that will dissolve in the solvent.

Chemistry Homework D.1-D.6

1. Look at daring

2.List three major processes that occur in natural water purification and, for each, identify the contaminates

1. Thermal energy from the sun causes water to evaporate from oceans and other water sources, like distillation.

2.Bacterial action converts dissolved organic contaminates into a few simple compounds.

3.Filtration through sand and gravel removes nearly all suspended matter

3. How are the properties of aluminum hydroxide related to the process of flocculation?

It traps and removes the suspended particles

4.Why is calcium oxide (CaO) sometimes added in the final steps of municipal water treatment?

It is used to neutralize such acidic water, raising its pH to a proper level

5.Fluoride, and ingredient in many types of toothpaste, is sometimes added to municipal water supplies in the last stage of water treatment. How much fluoride is added and what is its purpose?

1ppm of flurried is added to the water, and it treats water in a process known as fluoridation, which can reduce tooth decay

6.What are advantages of chlorinated drinking water compared to untreated water?

Removing the organic material

7. Is there a disadvantage to using colorization in water treatment? Explain

the chlorine added in post-chlorination can still promote formation of THMs , even if to a lesser extent than with pre-chlorination

8. Water from a clear mountain stream may require chlorination to make it sae for drinking. Explain

The reason that clear mountain water might require chlorination is because of all the chemicals in the air that we have from pollution may have traveled into the water, causing some impurities to the water.

9.List two alternative to use of chlorination in municipal water treatment.

Charcoal filter and ultraviolet light

18. Explain what would happen to Earth's hydrologic cycle if water evaporation suddenly stopped?

There would be no evaporation cycle meaning that the cycle would just stop, and all the water would just stay on land and never be reused.

19. One unique characteristic of water is that it is present in all three physical states in the range of temperatures found on Earth. How would the hydraulic cycle be different if this were no true?

 It would be different because then you couldn't be able to evaporate it, when the water turns into gas, then there would be no evaporation.

20. WHy does the EPA limit the concentration of THMs to 80 ppb instead of requiring their total elimination for municipal water supplies?

They didn't eliminate it because they need a little bit of chlorine in the water

21.Compare how the various processes used in the foul-water investigation are similar to steps in the natural purification of water?

One step that is like the foul water investigation is the filtering through the gravel and sand. Both the natural filtration process and the foul-water investigation both used the sand gravel system to purify the water.

22. Some physicians recommend consuming about 2 L of water daily. Municipal water supplies may contain up to 1 ppm fluoride. Assume that you drink 2 L of water per day. At 1ppm fluoride, how many grams of fluoride ion would you consume in

A. One Day?

1ppm

B. One week?

7ppm

C. One Year?

365ppm

Concept 1 Unit Conversionis

(Meters)
Kilometers
Hectometer
Dekameter
Meter
Decimeter
Centimeter
Millimeter
Those are all the units for the metric system. A very good pneumonic device that I use is Kangaroos Hop Down Mountains During Cold Months.

Example 1:
60 m/s to km/hr

So we first know that there are 60 meters per second. 60m/1s
We also know that there are 3600 seconds per hour 3600s/1hr
Right now the equation should look like this: 60m/1s X 3600s/1hr
We still need to get the meters into kilometers.
So we think to ourselves how many meters are in a kilometer? 1000
That part of the equation should look like this 1km/100m
The full equation is supposed to look like this: 60m/1s X 3600s/1hr X 1km/100m.
Then multiply the top, and the bottom 216000/1000
Your answer should then be 216 km/hr

Chemistry homework C.11- C.13

Chem homework C.10-C.11

20.Which is more acidic:

A. a soft drink or a tomato

Soft drinks

B. Black coffee or pure water

Black coffeee

C. Mike of magnesia or household ammonia

Mike of amnesia

21.How many times more acidic is a solution at pH 2.0 than a solution at pH 4.0.

20 

22. List three negative effects of inappropriate pH levels on aquatic organisms

When pH of rivers, lakes and streams is too low, fish-eggs development is impaired thus hampering the ability of fish to reproduce.

Bodies of water wit low pH values also tend to increase the concentration of metal ions in natural waters by leaching metal ions from surrounding soil, which are toxic.

23. Distinguish between polar and nonpolar molecules

Nonpolar molecule is a molecule that has an even distribution of electrical charge with no region of partial positive and negative charge

A Polar molecule  is a molecule with regions of partial positive and negative charge resulting from the uneven distribution of electrical charge

24. Would you detect ethanol, water or lamp oil to dissolve a nonporlar 

I would use oil because it is a nonpolaror, and non polars always dissolve with non polars

25. Why does table salt dissolve in water but not cooking oil?

Table salt is polar, and polar only goes with polar, and cooking oil is non polar

26 Explain the phrase "like dissolves like."

One substance dissolves itself.

27. Explain why you cannot satisfactorily clean greasy dishes with just plain water

Because grease is non polar, and you need a non polar substance to clean off a non polar substance. And water is pooler

33. Many mechanics prefer to use waterless hand cleaners to clean their greasy hands Explain

aWhat kind of materials are likely to be found in these cleaners

Non polar molecules may be found in these cleaners

bWhy usage these cleaners is more effective than washing it with bater

Because since the grease is a non polar molecule, you need to take a non polar molecule off with a non polar molecule, and water is a polar molecule not a non polar one.

35. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of any element. Fluorine and hydrogen form a polar bond, Which atom in HF would you expect to have a partial positive charge?

Hydrogen

Homework C.8-C.9

9. Calculate the masses of water and sugar in a 55.0 g sugar solution that is labeled 20.o% sugar by mass.

11grams

10. The EPA maximum standard for lead in drinking water is 0.015 mg/L. Express this value as parts per million (ppm).

15ppm

11. What makes water molecule polar?

The positive and negative charge at the opposite ends.

13. Which region of a polar water molecule will be attracted to a 

a K⁺ ion

K- Ion

b. BR^-

Br+

14.Why are heavy metals called heavy?

Because their atoms have greater masses than those of essential metallic elements

15. List three symptoms of heavy metal poisoning

-Damage to nervous system

-Damage to the brain

-Damage to the kidney.

16. List two possible sources of human exposure to 

a. Lead

When the water goes through lead pipes, it could pick up some of its chemical

b. Mercury

The old thermometer 

17. What ion is found in many bases

Hydroxide ions, Sodium hydroxide, barium hydroxide

18. What element is found in most acids?

Hydrogen 

19. Classify each sample as acidic, basic or chemically neutral:

A. Seawater (pH = 8.6)

Basic

B. Drain cleaner (pH= 13.0)

Basic

C. Vinegar (pH - 2.7) 

Acidic

D. Pure water (pH - 7.0)

Chemically neutral